ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ, ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ; ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ, ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ) — ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠥᠮᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠦᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠬᠢᠷᠭᠢᠰ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠂ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ БНСУ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ 9.3 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ 3 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ [7] ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ 5 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ 814 ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ[8] (ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠦ 4.2 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ) ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ 2,656᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ 445,175᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ 173,996 ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ 982,342 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ[9]᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠮᠠᠯᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠭᠥᠷᠥᠭᠡᠴᠢᠨ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ 13 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠵᠦ᠂ 16 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠦᠰᠦᠭᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠴᠣᠭᠤᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 1990 ᠍ ᠊ᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠥᠩᠬᠡ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ᠂ ᠪᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠥᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃
ᠭᠠᠷᠴᠠᠭ
1 ᠨᠡᠷᠡ
2 ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ
3 ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ
3.1 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ
3.2 ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠤ
3.3 ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ
3.4 ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ
4 ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ
4.1 ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠳ
4.2 ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ
5 ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
5.1 ᠤᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ
5.2 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ
5.3 ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠶᠢᠲᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠯᠲᠡ
5.4 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ
6 ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ
7 ᠮᠥᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ
8 ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ
9 ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ
10 ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠰᠤ
ᠨᠡᠷᠡ
«ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ» (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠶᠠᠭᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠠᠷᠭᠤᠯᠳᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠵᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠰᠢ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ «ᠮᠣᠩ» ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠥᠭᠥᠭᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ 3 ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
17 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠩ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠣᠪᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠦᠳᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠴᠥᠮᠡ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠠᠨᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠰ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨᠡ ᠺᠥᠩ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠠᠨᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠢᠨᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ 3 ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠪᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠥᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠡᠯᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠢᠭ᠍ᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠠ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠭᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠺᠠ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠰᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠃ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ 2 ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠢᠵᠢᠯᠰᠢᠵᠦ «ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ» ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
«ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ» ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠡᠩ ᠭᠦ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠭᠤ ᠽ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠨ ᠭᠤ ᠯᠤᠩ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠡᠩ ᠭᠦ ᠯᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠷ «ᠮᠡᠩᠭᠦ» ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠠᠨᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠢᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠰᠦᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠸᠡᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠲᠣᠪᠠ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠴᠢᠬᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠨᠳᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠦᠭᠢ ᠣᠯᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠪᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦᠦᠭᠢ ᠮᠤᠭᠤᠯᠦᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨᠴᠤᠳ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨᠡ ᠬᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠳ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠮᠣᠩ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠵᠢᠵᠦ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠵᠣᠩᠬᠢᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ «ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ» ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢ ᠍ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠺᠠᠳᠧᠮᠢᠴᠢ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠭᠤᠸᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠣᠮᠤᠭ᠂ ᠣᠲᠣᠭ᠂ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ᠂ ᠤᠷᠤᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨᠳ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ᠂ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠢ «ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ» ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃
YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg Sukhbaatar.jpg Bjambyn Rintschen.jpg
ᠰᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ
ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯᠲᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠤᠷᠬᠠᠭ᠂ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ᠂ ᠱ᠂ ᠯᠤᠪᠰᠠᠩᠸᠠᠩᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ (1959) ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠲᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ (ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ), ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ (ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ᠂ ᠥᠪᠥᠷᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ) ᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠦᠬᠦ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ 9.3 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ (2010) - ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠪ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠯ᠂
- ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠮᠵᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ᠂
- ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ᠂ ᠢᠵᠢᠯᠢᠰᠦᠯ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠮᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠠᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ 8.6 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ (2010) - ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠯ᠂
- ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ
- ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷᠳᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ
ᠥᠨᠥᠳᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ᠂ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠵᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ 6.3 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ (2010) - ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠭᠠ᠂
- ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠤᠮᠢᠬᠤ
- ᠬᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯᠲᠠ
ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ 1368 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠨᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ᠂ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠰᠤᠯᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ᠂ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ᠡᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ), ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ (ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ᠂ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ), ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ (ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ), ᠤᠷᠳᠤ (ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) ᠭᠡᠵᠦ 4 ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠠᠵᠢᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠨᠳᠣᠣᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲ᠋ᠦᠩᠬᠦᠰ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠶᠢᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ 5 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃
Atlas Mongolica.jpg
Mongol atlas.jpg
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 95% ᠍ ᠶᠢ 2010 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ 2 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ 700 ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ: 15 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ; 18 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠳ᠂ ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠵᠠᠬᠠᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳ᠂ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ; 17-20 ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠣᠮᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠢᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ; 20 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ᠂ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠭᠣᠶᠢᠳ᠂ ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠳ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠ᠃
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠤ
ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ 2002 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ 5 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ 800 ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠲ᠋ᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ 4 ᠰᠠᠶᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ᠂ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ᠂ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ᠂ ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠣᠷᠤᠲᠠᠯᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ 1774 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠯᠡᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠤᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠣᠱᠤᠳ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠲᠤ
ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ: ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ
ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ 1607 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠯᠡᠨ ᠣᠴᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠪᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ 180 ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ᠂ 17 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠯᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠪᠲᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ 440 ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠢ-ᠣᠷᠳᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠤᠸᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ
ᠺ ᠤᠭ ᠤᠵᠰᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ᠂ 14 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠴᠦᠸᠠᠨ᠂ ᠶᠦᠨᠨᠠᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭ ᠭᠠᠷᠪᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠷᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠤᠸᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠵᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠯ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨᠴᠢᠯᠡᠨ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ᠂ ᠪᠠᠠᠨᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠲᠤ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ
ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠳ
ᠠᠯᠠᠶᠢᠷ
ᠬᠣᠷᠢ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ
ᠬᠠᠮᠨᠢᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ
ᠡᠬᠢᠷ ᠲᠦ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ
ᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ
ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
ᠤᠭ
ᠥᠨᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠯᠡᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠨᠲᠷᠣᠫᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠺᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠢ ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠪᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠾᠢᠦᠩᠨᠦ᠂ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠷᠬᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠵᠢᠲᠢᠩ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠣᠣ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠵᠢᠲᠢᠩ᠂ ᠵᠢᠺᠠᠢᠣᠭᠤ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠤ᠂ ᠵᠤᠩ᠂ ᠳ᠋ᠢ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠷ᠂ ᠰᠣᠭᠪᠤ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠ ᠬᠡᠶᠦᠢ᠂ ᠰᠡᠶᠦᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ᠂ ᠳᠤᠩᠬᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠨᠢ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠰᠦᠮᠪᠦ᠂ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ (ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠳ) ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠶᠢᠳ᠂ ᠮᠡᠷᠬᠢᠳ᠂ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠦᠪᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠵᠦᠪᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠶᠢᠪᠦ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠤᠯᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ 13 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠵᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠦᠷᠰᠦᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠨᠤᠮᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠮᠥᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠪᠢ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠂ ᠲᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠮᠡᠭᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[10] ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ᠂ ᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ , ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠴᠤ ᠲᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ᠂ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠠᠷᠬᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ 10-13 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠣᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠤᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ 4 ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ᠂ 3 ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠦᠷᠴᠢᠳ᠂ 4 ᠳᠦ ᠬᠢ ᠠᠩᠭᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠢ Y ᠾᠷᠣᠮᠣᠰᠤᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠧᠽᠣᠺᠰᠢᠷᠢᠪᠨᠢᠺᠯᠧᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ᠂ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠢ ᠮᠢᠲᠠᠬᠠᠨᠳ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠧᠽᠣᠺᠰᠢᠷᠢᠪᠨᠢᠺᠯᠧᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠭᠧᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠠᠳᠴᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠪᠣᠯ C3 ᠪᠤᠶᠤ C-M217 ᠭᠠᠫᠯᠣᠭᠷᠦᠶᠢᠫ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ 2 ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ-ᠡᠨᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭ-ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ-ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ-ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠠᠮ , ᠠᠹᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ-ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠣᠶᠢᠳ᠋ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥᠲᠡᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ᠡᠬᠡ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ 2 ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠠᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ (ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ), ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ (ᠫᠠᠯᠧᠣᠰᠢᠪᠢᠷᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ)[11] ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠭᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠸᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ
ᠲᠥᠪ᠂ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ
ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ
ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ
Y ᠳᠧᠽᠣᠺᠰᠢᠷᠢᠪᠨᠢᠺᠯᠧᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ
ᠮᠢᠲᠠᠬᠠᠨᠳ᠋ᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠧᠽᠣᠺᠰᠢᠷᠢᠪᠨᠢᠺᠯᠧᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ
ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ
Y ᠳᠧᠽᠣᠺᠰᠢᠷᠢᠪᠨᠢᠺᠯᠧᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ
Y ᠳᠧᠽᠣᠺᠰᠢᠷᠢᠪᠨᠢᠺᠯᠧᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ-2
ᠲᠤᠸᠠ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠠᠩᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠮᠠᠯᠴᠢᠨ ᠶᠠᠩᠵᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠰᠠᠮᠤᠧᠳᠢ᠂ ᠢᠷᠡᠨ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ᠲᠤᠸᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ70 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠮᠠᠯ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠴᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠮᠤᠧᠳᠢ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠨᠲᠷᠣᠫᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ᠂ ᠭᠸᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠧᠦᠷᠣᠫᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠢᠷᠭᠢᠰᠬᠡᠭᠦᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠪᠢ᠂ ᠾᠬᠦᠩᠨᠦᠴᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠥᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠬᠦ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠲᠨᠠᠭᠧᠨᠧᠽ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠾᠬᠦᠩᠨᠦᠴᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠧᠦᠷᠣᠫᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠭᠣᠴᠣ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃[12]
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠬᠠᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ N ᠭᠠᠫᠯᠣ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠯᠢᠮ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ᠂ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠮᠢᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ᠂ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠠᠵᠢᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠷᠠᠢ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠳᠣᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠠᠩᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠣᠪᠣᠭᠣᠷ ᠬᠠᠴᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠨᠢᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠵᠤᠤᠪᠠᠩ (ᠧᠦᠷᠣᠫᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ), ᠬᠠᠷᠠ᠂ ᠪᠣᠷᠣ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠ᠂ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠦᠰᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠴᠠᠶᠢᠪᠤᠷ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ᠂ ᠬᠥᠷᠥᠰᠥᠯᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠷᠣ ᠥᠩᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠰᠢᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠢᠨᠳᠢᠶᠠᠨᠴᠤᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠳᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠰᠲᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠠᠬᠠᠴᠢᠨᠤᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ 8, ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ 6 ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ 10 ᠍ ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠠᠷ᠂ ᠶᠡᠵᠢ᠂ ᠢᠷᠡᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠺᠢᠹᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ᠠᠷᠤᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠢ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠮᠠᠨᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠥᠭᠦᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠧᠦᠷᠣᠫᠠᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠥ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃[13]ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠰᠤᠨᠢ , ᠯᠭᠳᠠᠨᠢ᠂ ᠬᠤᠴᠽᠧ (ᠴᠽᠧᠬᠤ), ᠶᠡᠵᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠧᠦᠢᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠰᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠨᠢ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠯᠪᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠦᠨ ᠷᠦᠦ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ᠽ᠃ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠥᠭᠦᠢ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠤᠰᠤᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠰᠤᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠰᠤᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠰᠤᠨᠢᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠵᠢᠭᠤ ᠲᠥᠷᠬᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠴᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ᠠᠯᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠷᠰᠢᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠧᠨ 10 ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠮ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠤᠤᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ᠭᠧᠨᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠭ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠵ᠃ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠬᠠᠩᠭᠠᠢ᠂ᠬᠡᠨᠲᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠣᠷᠬᠣᠨ᠂ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ᠂ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠯ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠸᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠦᠯ ᠢ ᠭᠸᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠴᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠭᠧᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠯᠠ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠷᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠲᠦᠨᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠡᠮᠵᠢᠭᠦᠷ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡᠯᠢᠭ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠷᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠲᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠰ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ (ethnicity, ethnos) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ (nation) ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ 2 ᠦᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠳᠣᠣ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠶᠡᠷᠦᠩᠬᠡᠢ᠂ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠬᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠨᠡ᠃ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠭᠧᠨ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ᠂ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ᠠᠯᠢᠪᠠ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠰᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠦᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷᠪᠠ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠠᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ (ethnic identity) ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠮᠰᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠥᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ , ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ 2 ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠢ ᠯᠠ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠮᠡᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠲᠦ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠴᠥᠭᠡᠬᠡᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠲᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠳ XIX-ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠮᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠰᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠵᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ 7 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠵᠠᠬᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠢᠬᠤ ᠵᠢᠵᠢᠭ᠍ᠭᠡᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ "ᠮᠡᠩᠭᠦ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ "ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠ", ᠮᠥᠨ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ "ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ" ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠵᠡᠪᠡᠯ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠣᠯᠢᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ XI ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠶᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠴᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠰᠤᠷᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠶᠢᠷ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ 12 ᠳ᠋ᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠲᠦᠨ᠂ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠬᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠬᠠᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠯᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ 3 ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠯ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠵᠠᠳᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠠᠶᠤᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠵᠥᠪᠰᠢᠶᠡᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠡᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠡᠰᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠨ᠂ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠢ 9 ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠣᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠨᠥᠭᠴᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ
ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ (1305) ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ
ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠴᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠥᠩᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠵᠢᠳᠬᠦᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠭᠤᠳ᠂ ᠵᠢᠳᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠵᠤ 1189 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ 1203 ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠲᠠ ᠴᠣᠬᠢᠨ᠂ ᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ᠂ ᠮᠠᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠨ᠂ 1206 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡᠦᠶᠡᠰ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠨ᠂ ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠭᠰᠣᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠯᠡᠯᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠧᠦᠢᠷoᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠍ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠨᠴᠥᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠷᠠᠢ ᠬᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠡᠨ᠂ ᠺᠢᠫᠴᠠᠺ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠨᠳᠥᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠵᠤ᠂ ᠢᠰᠯᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠪᠦᠷ ᠬᠣᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯ ᠪᠦᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠵᠦ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠠᠴᠤᠳ᠂ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠤᠭᠯᠠᠷᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠲᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ Xᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠭᠦᠳᠦᠯᠲᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃
ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠯ᠂ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠶᠢᠲᠠᠯ᠂ ᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠯᠲᠡ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
State emblem of Mongolia.svg
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ·ᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ·ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ·ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠭᠡᠮ
ᠪᠠᠯᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠦᠶᠡ
ᠪᠠᠯᠠᠷ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
ᠡᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ
ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ
ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ
ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡ 209–ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠡᠨ ᠦ 93
ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠢ
93-234
ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ
330-555
ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
555-744
ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
744-840
ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
907-1125
ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠠᠨᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠳ
9 ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ - 10 ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ
ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
10 ᠵᠠᠭᠣᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ-1206
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
1206-1368
ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
1271-1368
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
1368-1691
ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ
1399-1634
ᠵᠦᠩᠭᠠᠷ
1634-1758
ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ
1691-1911
ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ
ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ
1911
ᠣᠯᠠᠨᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
1911-1924
ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
1924–1992
ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ
1990
ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
1990 ᠍ ᠍ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
1992 ᠍ ᠍ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠦᠶᠡ
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ*ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ
ᠦ · ᠬ · ᠽ
ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ 1368 ᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠴᠢ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠮ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠷᠬᠡᠭᠵᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠲᠦ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ "ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ", "ᠳᠥᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ" ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠶᠢᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠢ᠂ ᠬᠣᠭᠣᠷᠣᠨᠳᠣ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠵᠦ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠡᠶᠢᠨᠬᠦᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠢᠰᠯᠠᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨᠲᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠷᠭᠢᠰ᠂ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠷ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠦᠺᠷᠠᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨᠷᠦ᠋ᠰ᠂ ᠶᠧᠸᠷᠧᠢ᠂ ᠲᠦᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠢᠰᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭ᠌ᠰᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯᠳᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠯᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠭᠡᠯᠵᠢ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ᠂ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠦ ᠨᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠵᠦᠩᠭᠠᠷ ᠨᠢ XVIII ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠢᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠰᠢᠶᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠴᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ ᠵᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠩᠬᠠᠭᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ[ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
1206 ᠤᠨ - ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠷᠡᠡᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃
1234 ᠤᠨ - ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠍ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃
1240 ᠤᠨ - ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠲᠣᠪᠴᠢᠶᠠ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠰᠪᠠ᠃
1271 ᠤᠨ - ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠬᠣᠷᠣᠮ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃
1368 ᠤᠨ - ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠵᠦ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠴᠠᠵᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠪᠡ᠃
1607 ᠤᠨ - ᠢᠵᠢᠯ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨ ᠷᠦᠦ ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠤᠳ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠦᠳ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃
1636 ᠤᠨ - ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠤᠷᠤᠪᠠ᠃
1691 ᠤᠨ - ᠠᠷᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰᠠᠳᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
1755 ᠤᠨ - ᠵᠦᠩᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠮᠥᠬᠥᠪᠡ᠃
1911 ᠤᠨ - ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠩᠬᠠᠭᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃
1915 ᠤᠨ - ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠲᠤᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠯᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠬᠣᠨᠢᠬᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠯᠭᠡᠪᠡ᠃
1921 ᠤᠨ - ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠰᠬᠠᠯ.
1924 ᠤᠨ - ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠩᠬᠠᠭᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃
1939 ᠤᠨ - ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ.
1945 ᠤᠨ - ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ.
1947 ᠤᠨ - ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
1961 ᠤᠨ - ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠡᠯᠰᠡᠪᠡ᠃
1992 ᠤᠨ - ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠤᠯᠢ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠠᠷᠠᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠨ᠂ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃
2006 ᠤᠨ - ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ 800 ᠵᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃
ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ[ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠭᠣᠪᠢ᠂ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠷ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠰᠤᠷᠲᠠᠬᠤᠨ᠂ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠭᠡ᠂ ᠠᠵᠤ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ᠂ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠮ᠂ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷ ᠳᠣᠮᠣᠭ᠂ ᠨᠣᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ᠂ ᠲᠣᠭᠯᠠᠭᠠᠮ ᠨᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤᠮ᠂ ᠤᠷᠠᠯᠢᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠢᠯᠡᠷᠡᠨᠡ᠃
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠠᠨᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠢ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠨ ᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠣᠷ ᠠᠬᠠᠮᠠᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ᠂ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ᠂ ᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷ᠂ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯ «ᠠᠬᠠᠮᠠᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡ᠂ ᠳᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠢᠮ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡ» ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠷᠴᠢᠮ᠂ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠯ᠂ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠴᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠰ ᠢ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ ᠪᠠ «ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠮᠠᠯ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ᠂ ᠬᠤᠪᠴᠠᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠤᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ» ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠴᠡᠭᠡᠷᠯᠡᠬᠦ᠂ «ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠪᠡᠷᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ» ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃[14][15][16]
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠪᠦᠵᠢᠭ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠣᠣᠰ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ ᠶᠢᠡᠷ ᠭᠡᠷ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠪᠠᠷ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠭᠡᠨᠡ᠃[17] ᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠳᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠤᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠮᠡᠯᠵᠢ᠂[18] ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠯᠠᠷᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ.[19] ᠨᠢᠯᠬᠠ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠳᠤᠭᠵᠢᠷᠠᠬᠤ «ᠪᠦᠪᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ» ᠍ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠬᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠯ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ «ᠵᠢᠩᠭᠠᠷ» ᠲᠤᠤᠯᠢ ᠴᠤ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃[20]
ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠪᠥᠭᠡ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠵᠡᠢ᠃ᠪᠥᠭᠡ ᠮᠥᠷᠭᠥᠯ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ ᠰᠢᠲᠦᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
ᠯᠠ᠃ᠭᠤᠮᠢᠯᠧᠸ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠢ "ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠢᠭ᠂ ᠡᠷᠴᠢ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠲᠡᠢ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠵᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠡᠺᠣᠯᠣᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ" ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠡᠨᠠ᠃ᠺᠠᠮᠫᠢ "ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠤ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠦᠵᠡᠵᠦ ᠣᠭᠲᠣ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠰᠤᠷᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠲᠡᠩᠬᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠵᠦ ᠤᠬᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠡᠷᠡᠰ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ᠲᠡᠳᠡ ᠴᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠳᠬᠢᠯ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠦᠯᠢᠭ ᠮᠡᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠶᠠᠭ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠠᠮᠢᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠲᠤᠷ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠶᠤᠮ"[21] ᠭᠡᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠮᠥᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ[ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠵᠦᠢ
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠯᠲᠡ᠂ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ[ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠵᠠᠭᠪᠤᠷ:ᠯᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠰᠤ
ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠭ[ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
Mongolic Lang-map.jpg
MongolianLanguages.jpg
China linguistic map.jpg
Mongolic.jpg
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ
ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ - ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠃png
ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ - ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯᠲᠠ 2.jpg
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠲᠯᠠᠰ᠃jpg
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠠᠲᠯᠠᠰ
ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ 2.png
ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ
ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ᠃jpg
ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ᠃png
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ
Linguistic map of the Altaic, Turkic and Uralic languages.png
Eastturkistan2008.jpg
Eastturkistan1949.jpg
ᠰᠢᠨᠢᠵᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ 2000 ᠍ ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ᠃jpg
ᠰᠢᠨᠢᠵᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ 2000 ᠍ ᠊ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ
ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠰᠤ[ᠺᠣᠳ᠋ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠣ]
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠯ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠶᠠᠮᠠᠷ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠬᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠢ?
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠤᠤ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠬᠢᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ
МОНГОЛЫН ГАЗАР ШОРООН ДЭЭРХ БАЛАР ЭРТНИЙ ХҮМҮҮСИЙН АМЬДРАЛ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠯᠧᠺᠼᠢ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ
ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ (ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ)
ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥᠯᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠮ ᠮᠥᠷ (ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠦᠯ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠰ ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ)
Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events
Analysis of paternal genetic relationship of ancient Hungarian, modern Hungarian and modern Szekler population
Ancient DNA from nomads in 2500-year-old archeological sites of Pengyang, China
Ancient mtDNA from Jomon skeletons
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA - I - ANCIENT INDIA
Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia, D.Tumen www.user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf
Characteristics of Mongoloid and neighboring populations based on the genetic markers of human immunoglobulins
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology Cultural relationship
Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes
EASTERN HUNS GENETICS
ETHNIC COMPOSITION AND ORIGIN OF ALTAIANS
Eurasian Y-DNA note
C3 M217
Finno - Ugric facial reconstruction - ForumBiodiversity .com
The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols
Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis
Genetic variation in the enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia- insights into Turkic population history
Indo-European Loanwords in Altaic - Sino-Platonic Papers
Institute of Archaeology 2007 Report
In the heartland of Eurasia-the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations
International Journal of Central Asian Studies
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Mongolian Populationsand Implications for the Origin of New World Founder
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in indigenous populations of the southern extent of Siberia, and the origins of Native American haplogroups
Molecular analysis of HLA polymorphism in Khoton-Mongolians
Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-Year-Old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia
Multiple origins of Tibetan Y chromosomes
The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G
Origin of caucasoid-specific mitochondrial DNA lineages in the ethnic populations of the Altai-Sayan region
Origin of the Japanese People and Language
The Origins of the Japanese people
Paleolithic art from the Danube to Lake Baikal.pdf
Population origins in Mongolia: genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA
Sequencing of 50 Human Exomes Reveals Adaptation to High Altitude
Türkic Genetic Charts
Y DNA maps
[www.familytreedna.com/pdf-docs/2010-ydna-migration-map.pdf]
dienekes.blogspot.com
frontiers-of-anthropology.blogspot.com
worldanthropology.blogspot.com
ᠠᠨᠲᠷᠣᠫᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢᠴᠧᠰᠺᠧ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠺᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠰᠲ᠋ᠢᠺᠢ ᠺᠠᠯᠮ ᠤᠺᠣᠸ hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2012_r.htm
ᠸ ᠲᠤᠸᠧ ᠢᠰᠰᠯᠧᠳᠦ᠋ ᠍ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠪᠢ ᠷᠣᠳᠣᠰᠯᠣᠸᠨᠧ
ᠳᠷᠧᠸᠨᠢᠶᠡ ᠲᠶᠦᠺᠢ ᠸ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠢ ᠼᠧᠨᠲᠷᠠᠯᠨᠨᠠᠢ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ
ᠭᠠᠫᠯᠣᠭᠷᠦᠶᠢᠫᠠ ᠰ 3 ᠤ ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠪ
ᠷᠠᠽᠠᠨᠣᠪᠷᠠᠽᠢᠶᠡ ᠯᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠤ ᠾᠷᠣᠮᠣᠰᠤᠮ ᠤ ᠤ ᠺᠣᠷᠧᠨᠠᠭ ᠨᠠᠰᠧᠯᠧᠨᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠵᠨᠨᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠪᠢᠷᠢ᠃pdf
The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy (ᠷᠦᠰᠰᠺᠠᠶᠠ ᠤᠧᠷᠰᠢᠶᠠ)
ᠰᠲᠷᠤᠶᠢᠺᠲ᠋ᠦᠶᠢᠷᠠ ᠢ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠭᠧᠣᠭᠷᠠᠹᠢᠶᠠ ᠭᠧᠨᠣᠹᠣᠨᠳᠠ ᠺᠣᠷᠧᠨᠠᠭ ᠨᠠᠰᠧᠯᠧᠨᠢᠶᠠ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠫᠣ ᠮᠠᠷᠺᠧᠷᠠᠮ y ᠍ ᠾᠷᠣᠮᠣᠰᠤᠮ ᠤ
СТРУКТУРА ГЕНОФОНДА СУБПОПУЛЯЦИЙ БАШКИР - ANRB
ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠲᠨᠢᠴᠧᠰᠺᠧᠭᠷᠦᠶᠢᠫ ᠤ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠲ ᠸ ᠫᠷᠣᠰᠢᠯᠣᠮ ᠢ ᠨᠠᠰᠤᠲᠠᠢᠱᠧᠮ
ТОТЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ЛЕКСИКОН НАРОДОВ ВОСТОЧНОЙ СИБИРИ-АСПЕКТЫ СЕМАНТИКИ
ᠴᠢᠸᠢᠯᠢᠰᠠᠼᠢᠢ᠂ ᠭᠤᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷᠰᠠᠳᠪᠠ᠂ ᠺᠦᠶᠢᠯᠢᠲ᠋ᠣᠷ ᠤ ᠼᠧᠨᠲᠷᠠᠯᠨᠨᠠᠢ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ
ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ГЕНЕАЛОГИЯ БУРЯТ
ᠡᠲᠨᠠᠭᠧᠨᠣᠮᠢᠺᠠ ᠨᠠᠰᠧᠯᠧᠨᠢᠶᠠ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠢ ᠰᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠨᠧᠢ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ᠃pdf
ᠡᠲᠨᠠᠭᠧᠨᠣᠮᠢᠺᠠ ᠢ ᠹᠢᠯᠣᠭᠧᠨᠧᠲ᠋ᠢᠴᠧᠰᠺᠧ ᠸ ᠵᠢᠮᠣᠲᠣᠨᠣᠱᠧᠨᠢᠶᠠ ᠨᠠᠷᠣᠳᠣᠪ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠠᠽᠢᠢ
ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
ᠪᠤᠲᠠᠷᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠤᠳ ᠣᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠫᠠᠩᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠢᠰᠮ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠳ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠠᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠠᠽᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠰᠢ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠰᠢᠪᠸᠷᠢᠶ ᠠ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠬᠡᠷᠭᠡᠮ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠦᠰᠦᠭ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ
ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠳ
ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
ᠰᠢᠨᠠᠨᠢ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠬᠤᠮᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠪᠠᠨᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠢᠳᠢ ᠳᠤᠩᠬᠤ ᠲᠠᠲᠠᠪᠢ ᠤᠬᠤᠠ ᠶᠢᠨᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨᠪᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠬᠤᠨᠢ ᠢᠦᠢᠪᠢᠨᠢ ᠲᠣᠪᠠ ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠳᠠᠨ
12 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠳ
ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠶᠢᠳ ᠮᠡᠷᠬᠢᠳ ᠲᠠᠲ᠋ᠠᠷ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠳ ᠳᠠᠷᠢᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ ᠡᠯᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠭᠣᠶᠢᠳ ᠰᠠᠷᠲᠠᠭᠤᠯ
ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠠᠮᠨᠢᠭᠠᠨ
ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠᠷ ᠠᠣᠬᠣᠨᠢ ᠠᠰᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠳ ᠭᠣᠷᠯᠣᠰ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠰᠢᠭᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠳ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳ ᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠮᠤᠤᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠣᠨᠤᠭ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠰᠥᠨᠢᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠳ ᠤᠷᠠᠳ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ
ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ
ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠩᠲᠤᠤ ᠴᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠱᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠳ ᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠤᠳ ᠵᠠᠬᠠᠴᠢᠨ
ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ
ᠪᠠᠠᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ ᠮᠣᠭᠣᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠷ ᠶᠨᠠᠨ ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠰ ᠤᠴᠤᠸᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠰᠤᠭᠪᠠ ᠠᠷᠠᠭᠢ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠣᠭᠤᠷ
ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢᠰᠢᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ
ᠲᠥᠪ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ·ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ·ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ·ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ·ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠍ ᠤᠨ ·ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩᠢ
↑ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 2010 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠩ. ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ 2,980,115 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ 2168141, ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡ ᠳᠦ 72403, ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠳ 56573, ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ 45087, ᠵᠠᠬᠠᠴᠢᠨ 32845, ᠳᠠᠷᠢᠭᠠᠩᠭᠠ 27412, ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ 26654, ᠳᠠᠷᠬᠠᠳ 21558, ᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳ 15520, ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠭᠣᠶᠢᠳ 15460, ᠲᠣᠷᠭᠤᠳ 14176, ᠮᠢᠩᠭᠠᠳ 6592, ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ 2989, ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ 2577, ᠡᠯᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ 1340, ᠰᠠᠷᠲᠠᠭᠤᠯ 1286, ᠴᠠᠲᠠᠨ 282, ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ 152, ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ 132, ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ 601 ᠳᠦᠩᠭᠡ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠭᠡᠳ 2,516,949 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠴᠠᠪᠠ᠃
↑ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 2010 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠩ.
↑ (6th National Census) 内蒙古自治区发布2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报。.
↑ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 2010 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠩ. ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ 2986 ᠨᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ 461389 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ᠂ 183372 ᠨᠢ ᠬᠠᠯᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠲᠤᠳᠬᠠᠵᠤ 647747 ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠪᠠ᠃
↑ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 2010 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠩ. ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ БНСУ ᠍ ᠳᠦ 6 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠮᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃
↑ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 2010 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠦᠩ. ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠳᠦ 6 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠭᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠮᠥᠨ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠮᠠᠷᠴᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃
↑ 2010 ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠴᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠦᠩ
↑ http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136937.htm
↑ 2002 ᠤᠨ ᠤᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ
↑ ᠭ᠃ᠰᠦᠬᠡᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠪᠦᠭᠡ᠂ 1980
↑ [1]
↑ ᠳ᠃ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪ᠃ᠣᠶᠤᠨᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯ᠂ ᠮ᠃ᠦᠷ ᠤᠨᠴᠣᠯᠮᠣᠨ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠾᠦᠩᠨᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠨᠲᠷᠣᠫᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠂ 2002 ᠤᠨ᠂ N187
↑ ᠽ᠃ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠰᠠᠶᠢᠬᠠᠨ᠂ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠠᠽᠢᠶᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠠᠰᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠯ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠂ 2002 ᠤᠨ᠂ N187
↑ ᠠᠬᠠᠮᠠᠳ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠨᠳᠦᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ
↑ ᠣᠳᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠯᠣᠭ – ᠤᠰᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠲ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ.
↑ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯᠢ ᠬᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠤᠯᠮᠠᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠵᠠᠩᠰᠢᠯ᠂ ᠵᠠᠩ ᠦᠢᠯᠡ
↑ ᠬ᠃ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ: ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠡᠳᠡᠭ.
↑ ᠡ᠃ᠰᠠᠨᠳᠠᠭᠵᠠᠪ: ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠮᠡᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠣᠪᠣᠭᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ
↑ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ 《ᠪᠤᠢ ᠪᠡᠶᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡ》 ᠭᠧᠨᠨᠢᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠣᠮᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠯᠡ.
↑ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠤ᠂ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠰ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ.
↑ ᠴ᠃ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭᠵᠢᠷᠭᠠᠯ᠂ᠡ᠃ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢᠴᠢᠮᠡᠭ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠᠷᠬᠢ᠂ ᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠠᠯᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠨᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ᠂ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ᠂ ᠠᠨᠲᠷᠣᠫᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ-ᠠᠷᠬᠧᠣᠯᠣᠭᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠢᠩᠬᠢᠮ᠂ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮ ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠂ 2002 ᠤᠨ᠂ N187, 93 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ
ᠠᠩᠬᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠳ: ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠹᠠᠢᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠰᠤ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠳᠠᠰᠤᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨTemp Mᠤᠬᠢ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠯ